MASOMPHENYA OLAKWIKA: ZOMWE ZIMAYAMBITSA, ZIZINDIKIRO, KUZINDIKIRA, CHITHANDIZO NDI KUPEWA

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Muyenera Kuwonera

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Kunyumba Zaumoyo Matenda amachiritso Zovuta Zimachiritsa oi-Neha Ghosh Wolemba Neha Ghosh pa Julayi 22, 2020| Kuwunikira By Sneha Krishnan

Kukhala ndi masomphenya owoneka bwino, ndikofunikira kutithandiza kuti tiwone bwino dziko. Kuyambira pakuwonera zinthu zakutali ndi zakutali kuti tiwonetsetse kuti sitiphonya sitepe ndi kugwa, maso athu nthawi zonse amayenda kuti apatse ubongo watsopano za zomwe zatizungulira. Koma, pomwe masomphenya anu akhala osauka komanso osawoneka bwino ndipo simutha kuwona zinthu bwino, mutha kukhala mukuwona masomphenya. Munkhaniyi tikambirana zomwe zimayambitsa, zizindikiritso, kuzindikira ndi kuchiza masomphenya.

Kodi Masomphenya Olakwika Ndi Chiyani?

Maso osawona amatanthauza kuchepa kwa masomphenya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwona bwino. Vuto m'mbali iliyonse ya diso, monga diso, diso kapena mitsempha yamawonedwe, limatha kubweretsa kuwona kwamaso. Maso owoneka bwino amathanso kuchitika chifukwa cha matenda amaso ena kapena amatha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda ambiri monga matenda ashuga kapena sitiroko [1] , [ziwiri] . Mankhwala monga chloroquine, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza malungo amakhala ndi zovuta zina monga kusawona bwino kwakanthawi [3] .

Kutengera ndi chomwe chimayambitsa, kusawona bwino kumatha kuchitika m'diso limodzi kapena m'maso onse.

Kodi Chimachititsa Masomphenya Olakwika Ndi Chiyani?

Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri za kusawona bwino, izi ndi izi:

• Astigmatism - Malinga ndi American Optometric Association, astigmatism ndichizolowezi cha diso chomwe chimayambitsa kusawona bwino. Zimachitika chifukwa cha kakhola kapenanso mandala osakhazikika mkati mwa diso, omwe amalepheretsa kuwala kuti kuyang'ane bwino pa diso (malo owoneka bwino kumbuyo kwa diso), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muwonetsetse kapena kusokoneza [4] .

Astigmatism imachitika nthawi zambiri ndimaso ena monga myopia (kuwona pafupi) ndi hyperopia (kuwona patali). Ndipo kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zamaso izi kumatchedwa zolakwika za refractive chifukwa zimakhudza momwe maso amapindirira kapena kuwunika.

• Myopia (pafupi-kuwona) - Ndi mawonekedwe amaso omwe mumatha kuwona bwino, koma zinthu zakutali zimawoneka zosalongosoka. Anthu omwe ali ndi myopia amavutika kuwona zinthu bwino pomwe akuwonera kanema wawayilesi kapena akuyendetsa galimoto nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusawona [5] .

• Presbyopia - Ndi vuto la masomphenya okhudzana ndi zaka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyang'ana pazinthu zapafupi, ndikupangitsa kuwona kwamaso.

• Hyperopia (kuwona patali) - Ndi chinthu china chofala m'maso, momwe mumatha kuwona zinthu zakutali bwino, koma zinthu zoyandikira zimawoneka zosalongosoka.

• Katemera - Ndi dera lamitambo lomwe limaphimba mandala owoneka bwino. Nthawi zambiri, mandala (omwe amakhala kuseli kwa iris) amawunikira kuwala kwa diso, komwe kumatumiza chithunzicho kudzera mumitsempha yamagetsi kupita kuubongo. Koma, ngati disolo ladzaza ndi ng'ala, limasokoneza kuwala komwe kumafika ku diso kumbuyo kwa diso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asamaone bwino [6] .

• Kukula kwa macular okalamba - Matendawa amakhudza macula, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi pakati pa diso lomwe limayang'anira masomphenya akuthwa. Matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba akayamba kupita patsogolo, masomphenya apakatikati amachepa ndikupangitsa kusokonekera komanso kutayika kwamasomphenya [7] . Kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kocheperako kwa nthawi yayitali ndi pomwe kutayika kwamasomphenya kumapita pang'onopang'ono ndipo kuchepa kwamasamba kokhudzana ndi msinkhu ndi njira yofulumira komanso yayikulu yotayika masomphenya.

• Glaucoma - Ndi gulu la zinthu zamaso zomwe zimawononga mitsempha yamawonedwe. Kafukufuku adachitika mwa odwala 99 omwe amapezeka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magawo a glaucoma. Adadzaza mafunso omwe adawonetsa kuti odwala onse, kuphatikiza odwala omwe ali ndi glaucoma koyambirira kapena pang'ono amadziwa kuti amafunikira kuwunika kowoneka bwino, komwe kumadziwika kuti ndizodziwika bwino [8] .

• Iritis -Iritis, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti pachimake anterior uveitis, ndikutupa kwa iris (gawo lakuda la diso) ndipo imakhudzanso mbali yakutsogolo kwa diso pakati pa cornea ndi iris (chipinda chakunja). Matenda a posachedwa ndi apambuyo amayambitsa zizindikilo ngati kusawona bwino [9] .

• Gulu la Retinal -Kumachitika pamene diso lako limang'ambika kuchokera kumbuyo kwa diso lako ndikuchepetsa magazi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Community Eye Health Journal, zizindikilo zofala za gulu la retina ndizosawona bwino kapena kutaya mwadzidzidzi, kopanda ululu m'maso. Odwala ena omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa amatha kuwonongeka m'munda (kutaya masomphenya m'mbali imodzi ya mawonekedwe) [10] .

• Kutsekeka kwamitsempha - Ndi matenda achiwiri ofala kwambiri m'mitsempha ya m'maso omwe amachititsa kuti odwala azitha kuwona. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mitsempha yotsekera m'mitsempha ya m'mitsempha: kutsekeka kwa mitsempha yama nthambi (BRVO) ndi kutsekeka kwapakati pamitsempha ya m'mitsempha (CRVO). Odwala omwe ali ndi mitsempha yapakatikati ya mitsempha nthawi zambiri amawonedwa m'maso limodzi zomwe zimachitika mwadzidzidzi, zomwe sizikhala zopweteka [khumi ndi chimodzi] .

• Hyphema - Amadziwika ndikudziunjikira kwa dziwe lalikulu lamagazi mchipinda chamkati chomwe chimachitika pambuyo povulaza diso. Odwala amatha kuchepa mwadzidzidzi kapena kutaya masomphenya. Kutaya masomphenya kumadalira kuchuluka kwa hyphema microhyphema odwala atha kukhala ndi masomphenya achilengedwe kapena kusawona bwino (kuphatikiza magazi kumatha kulepheretsa kuwala kuti kufikire ku diso komwe kumapangitsa kuwona nthawi zina) ndipo odwala omwe ali ndi hyphema yathunthu amatha kukhala ndi kutayika kwathunthu [12] .

• Matenda a shuga - Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amatha kusintha masomphenya awo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti odwala matenda ashuga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikilo za kusawona bwino panthawi ya hyperglycemia (shuga wambiri wamagazi), zomwe zitha kuchitika chifukwa chosintha kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mandala kapena diso. [13] .

• Sitiroko - Pambuyo pa sitiroko, mavuto apakatikati amapezeka nthawi zambiri ndipo zizindikilozo zimaphatikizira kusawona bwino pakati pa ena. Kafukufuku adachitika pakati pa odwala 915 azaka 69. Mwa iwo odwala 479 anali atawonongeka m'munda, odwala 51 sanapeze zisonyezo zowonekera, theka la odwala omwe anali ndi ziwonetsero anali ndi kutayika m'munda pomwe theka lina samatha kuwona bwino, kuvutika kuwerenga, diplopia, ndi zovuta zakumvetsetsa [14] .

• Chotupa chaubongo - Ndikukula kwa maselo osazolowereka muubongo. Maso osawoneka ndi chizindikiritso chodziwika cha chotupa chaubongo.

• Matenda angapo ofoola ziwalo - Ndi matenda omwe amalimbana ndi mitsempha yayikulu yomwe imakhudza mitsempha yamawonedwe, ubongo ndi msana. Pafupifupi kotala limodzi la odwala omwe ali ndi multiple sclerosis omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi INO yothandizana kapena yamagulu awiri (vuto loyenda m'maso) amakhala ndi vuto lowonera komanso zizindikiritso zina [khumi ndi zisanu] .

• Myasthenia gravis - Ndi matenda a neuromuscular omwe amachititsa kufooka kwa minofu pamaso ndi m'maso. Ocular myasthenia gravis imakhudza minofu yamaso ndi zikope, kuchititsa zizindikilo zofananira ngati kusawona bwino ndikutsamira kwa zikope.

• Matenda a shuga - Ndi vuto la matenda ashuga lomwe limakhudza maso. Matenda ashuga retinopathy amapezeka pakakhala kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yamagazi mu diso. Zizindikirozo ndizosawona bwino, kusawona bwino usiku komanso kuwonongeka kwa masomphenya pakati pa ena.

• Migraine - Migraine ndimavuto am'mutu omwe amayambitsa mutu womwe umatha kubwera poyamba kapena kutsagana ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Mavuto owonetseredwa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha migraine atha kukhala amdima kapena owoneka opanda pake, kutayika kwamaso m'maso amodzi kapena m'maso ndi kulimbikira [16] .

• Kumva kuwawa kwa Corneal - Kupindika kwa Corneal kumachitika zinthu zazing'ono zikalowa m'diso lanu ndipo zitha kuwononga pamwamba pa diso. Kornea imakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri, yomwe imakhudza kukhudzidwa ndi kuvulala, choncho chinthu chachilendo ngati mchenga kapena kachilombo kakang'ono kakalowa m'diso lanu, kamayamba kuthirira ndi kupweteka. Zotsatira zake, mudzayamba kuwona bwino komanso kuzindikira kuwala [17] .

• Matupi conjunctivitis - Matupi conjunctivitis ndi mitundu itatu: pachimake, nyengo ndi osatha. Matenda opatsirana kapena GPC (chimphona chachikulu cha papillary conjunctivitis), nyengo - hay fever conjunctivitis kapena mawonekedwe a vernal ndi mitundu yosatha- atopic. Zizindikiro za nyengo ya conjunctivitis nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosawona bwino, zopweteka, ndi zina zambiri. [18] .

• Mavuto amaso a digito (computer vision syndrome) - Malinga ndi American Optometric Association, kupsyinjika kwa diso ladijito kumayambitsa mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi maso ndi masomphenya ndipo amapezeka kwambiri mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja, kompyuta ndi piritsi kwa nthawi yayitali. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro zodziwika bwino za kupsyinjika kwa diso ladijito ndi kusawona bwino.

• Bakiteriya keratitis -Ndi matenda am'maso omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mabakiteriya monga S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. pneumoniae ndi pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mabakiteriya omwe amakhudza onyamula mandala. Odwala omwe ali ndi bakiteriya keratitis nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisonyezo monga kusawona bwino, kujambula zithunzi komanso kupweteka [19] .

• Mankhwala - Mankhwala ena amatha kukhala ndi vuto m'diso ndikupangitsa kuwona bwino. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Erectile awonetsedwa kuti amayambitsa kuwona bwino komanso kukulitsa chidwi cha kuwala [makumi awiri] . Mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito zotupa monga indomethacin akagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi angayambitse kusawona bwino [makumi awiri ndi mphambu imodzi] . Ndipo chloroquine, mankhwala olimbana ndi malungo amathanso kuyambitsa masomphenya.

Zizindikiro Za Masomphenya Olakwika

Kutengera ndi chomwe chimayambitsa, kusawona bwino kumatha kapena kutsagana ndi zizindikilo zina, monga:

• Kuzindikira kuwala

• Kupweteka kwa diso

• Malo oyandikira kapena mawanga pamaso panu

• Kupsyinjika m'maso ndi kutopa

• Kufiira

• Masomphenya awiri

• Kuuma ndi kupweteka kwa maso

• Kutuluka m'maso

• Zizindikiro zakusokonekera kwa diso

• Mutu ndi mseru

• Kukhazikika

• Wophunzira woyera

Nthawi Yoyenera Kuonana ndi Dotolo

Muyenera kupita kuchipatala nthawi yomweyo ngati muli ndi vuto lowonera mwadzidzidzi ndipo muli ndi zina mwazizindikiro zotsatirazi, monga kupweteka kwa mutu, kuvutika kuyankhula, kuvutikira kuwona, nkhope kugwa, kusowa kolumikizana komanso kufooka pamaso, mwendo kapena minofu ya mikono.

Kuzindikira Kwa Masomphenya Olakwika

Dokotala adzazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa kusawona bwino pofunsa mafunso ngati 'Munayamba liti kuwona masomphenya?', 'Zizindikiro zina ziti zomwe muli nazo ndi kusawona bwino?' ndi mafunso ena otere monga kufunsa za mbiri yanu ya zamankhwala komanso mbiri ya banja pazikhalidwe zamaso. Izi zithandizira adotolo kuti amvetsetse zomwe wodwalayo akumva chifukwa odwala ambiri amatha kunena kuti kusawona bwino ndikusowa gawo kapena kulephera kuwona bwino kapena kuwerenga buku.

Dokotala atha kuyesa mayeso owoneka bwino, kuyesa maso kuti muwone momwe mungaonere tsatanetsatane wa kalata kapena chizindikiro patali. Momwemo, kuyezetsa kwamaso kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito tchati cha Snellen chosindikizidwa ndi wodwalayo atayimirira 20 mita (6 mita) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito tchati cha diso chomwe chimakhala pafupifupi masentimita 35 kutali. Diso lililonse limayesedwa pomwe diso linalo liri ndi chinthu cholimba. Wodwala akavala zowonera kutali amayenera kuvala poyesedwa. Kwa odwala azaka zopitilira 40 omwe amavala zowoneka bwino, tchati cha diso chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mainchesi 14.

Kenako, wodwalayo amafunsidwa kuti awerenge zilembo zazing'ono ndi zazikulu mu tchati cha diso. Ngati wodwalayo sangathe kuwerenga zilembo zonse ngakhale atakhala pafupi kwambiri, woyesayo amapempha wodwalayo kuti awerenge zala kuti awone ngati wodwalayo angawerenge molondola. Ngati kuwerengera chala sikungatheke, woyesayo amayesa ngati wodwalayo angawone zoyenda zamanja. Ngati izi sizikugwira ntchito, kuwala kumawala m'diso kuti muwone ngati wodwalayo angawone kuwalako.

Ngati wodwalayo alibe magalasi ake, pini limayandikira pafupi ndi diso, yomwe ndi njira yabwino yodziwira zolakwika za refractive.

Kwa odwala achichepere, otsutsa kapena osaphunzira, tchati cha Snellen chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zithunzi kapena zizindikilo zina [22] .

Mayeso ena amaso monga kuwunika kwa nyali ndi ophthalmoscopy amachitika.

Kuunika kwa nyali kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito microscope yomwe imakhala ndi kuwala kowala. Katswiri wa maso adzayamba kuchepa ophunzira anu ndi madontho otambalala. Kenako adotolo adzawunikiranso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kutsogolo ndi mkatikati mwa diso lanu. Zithandizira kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa masomphenya.

Ophthalmoscopy ndi mayeso ena amaso omwe amachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ophthalmoscope kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa maso anu. Ndili nawo, dokotala amayang'ana diso, mitsempha ya optic ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Kuyezetsa diso kumathandiza adotolo kuti ayang'ane matenda ndi mavuto ena amaso.

Chithandizo Cha Masomphenya Olakwika

Kutengera chifukwa cha kusawona bwino, chithandizocho chachitika. Tinalemba zingapo:

• Astigmatism - Kuwunika kwathunthu kwa diso kumatha kuthandizira kuzindikira za astigmatism ndipo kumatha kuthandizidwa mothandizidwa ndi magalasi amaso, magalasi olumikizana nawo, orthokeratology ndi opaleshoni ya laser.

• Kukula kwa macular okalamba - Kuyesedwa kwathunthu kwamaso ndi mayeso ena azithandizo kumathandizira pakuzindikira kwa kuchepa kwa makanda okalamba. Chithandizo cha kuchepa kwa makanda okhudzana ndi zaka zakubadwa chimaphatikizapo mankhwala azakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zowonjezera komanso kutha kwazinyalala kwa zaka zambiri kumaphatikizapo anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).

• Glaucoma - Kuyezetsa kwamaso kumachitika kuti apeze khungu. Maso ndi opaleshoni ya laser amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza glaucoma.

• Sitiroko - Kutengera mtundu wa sitiroko, chithandizocho chachitika.

• Migraine - Mankhwala ndi njira zina zapakhomo zitha kubweretsa mpumulo ku mutu waching'alang'ala.

• Katemera - Kuyezetsa kwathunthu kumachitika kuti mupeze matenda amaso. Ndipo ng'ala zimatha kuchotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi opareshoni yamaso.

• Matenda a shuga - Kutengera mtundu wa matenda ashuga mankhwalawa amachitidwa ndipo izi zimaphatikizaponso zakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuwunika shuga, zolimbitsa thupi, insulin ndi mankhwala akumwa.

• Kumva kuwawa kwa Corneal - Madontho amaso kapena mafuta onunkhira amatha kuthandizira kutulutsa kwaminyezi.

Kupewa Masomphenya Osawona

• Pitani mukapimidwe maso nthawi zonse

• Valani magalasi oteteza maso anu ku cheza cha UV.

• Idyani zakudya zokhala ndi vitamini C, vitamini E, beta-carotene, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin ndi omega 3 fatty acids chifukwa michere imeneyi imachepetsa matenda a maso okhudzana ndi ukalamba [2. 3] .

• Gwiritsani ntchito zoteteza kumaso ngati mukuchita ntchito yoopsa.

• Pewani kuthera nthawi yayitali pakompyuta, mapiritsi kapena mafoni anu.

• Lekani kusuta [24]

• Yesetsani kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi anu.

Ma FAQ Omwe Amakonda

Q. Nchiyani chingayambitse kusawona mwadzidzidzi?

KU . Gulu la retina, sitiroko, kuwonongeka kwa ma macular komanso kuvulala kwamaso ndizomwe zimayambitsa masomphenya mwadzidzidzi.

Q. Kodi masomphenya owoneka mwadzidzidzi ndiwadzidzidzi?

KU. Funsani chithandizo chamankhwala mwachangu, ngati mwadzidzidzi mwayamba kutaya masomphenya.

Q. Kodi kusawona bwino kumatha?

KU. Masomphenya osakhalitsa amatha ndi kuthandizidwa ndi magalasi amaso, komabe, ngati ndichizindikiro cha vuto lomwe likupezeka kwa dokotala wanu.

Q. Kodi kusawona bwino ndi chizindikiro cha kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi?

KU. Kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi kumayambitsa kupsinjika kwamaso komwe kumatha kubweretsa zizindikilo ngati kuwona kwamaso.

Q. Kodi kusowa tulo kumatha kuyambitsa masomphenya?

KU. Kusagona mokwanira kumatha kuyambitsa maso owuma ndipo izi zimatha kuyambitsa kuwala, kupweteka kapena kusawona bwino.

Q. Kodi mafoni angayambitse kusawona bwino?

KU. Inde, mafoni ndi zida zina zamagetsi zimatha kuyambitsa masomphenya.

Q. Chifukwa chiyani masomphenya anga ali mitambo mwadzidzidzi diso limodzi?

KU. Maso amvula nthawi zambiri amakhala chizindikiro cha nthenda ya m'maso, mawonekedwe amdima omwe amachititsa mitambo kukhala diso la diso.

Q. Kodi nthawi yayitali kwambiri pazenera imapangitsa kuti maso azisuluka?

KU. Inde, nthawi yayitali kwambiri pazenera imatha kupangitsa kuti maso anu akhale opanda pake.

Q. Kodi ndingaletse bwanji maso anga kuti asachite khungu?

KU. Onetsetsani kuti musatope kwambiri maso anu, kugona mokwanira, kumwa madzi ambiri ndi kudya zakudya zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuti muzitha kuona bwino.

Sneha KrishnanMankhwala OnseMBBS Dziwani zambiri