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Nthomba ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo ka variola (VARV), kamene kali m'gulu la Orthopoxvirus. Anali amodzi mwa matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amadziwika ndi anthu. Mlandu womaliza wa nthomba udawonedwa ku Somalia mu 1977and mu 1980, World Health Organisation (WHO) idalengeza kuthetsedwa kwa nthomba [1] .
Mbiri Ya Nthomba [ziwiri]
Nthomba amaganiza kuti idachokera Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa mu 10,000 BC ndipo kuchokera pamenepo imafalikira ku India ndi amalonda akale aku Egypt. Umboni woyambirira wa zotupa pakhungu lofanana ndi nthomba unkawoneka pankhope za mitembo ya anthu ku Egypt.
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, nthomba idapezeka ku Europe ndipo idakhala mliri mzaka zapakati. Chaka ndi chaka, anthu 400,000 amafa ndi nthomba ndipo gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa omwe adapulumuka adachita khungu m'zaka za zana la 18 ku Europe.
Matendawa pambuyo pake adafalikira munjira zamalonda kupita kumayiko ena.
www.ndalama.com
Kodi Nthomba N'chiyani?
Nthomba imadziwika ndi matuza akulu omwe amawoneka motsatizana ndipo amasiya mabala owononga thupi. Matuzawa amadzaza ndimadzimadzi omveka bwino kenako mafinya kenako amapangidwa kukhala zotumphuka zomwe pamapeto pake zimauma ndikugwa.
Nthomba inali matenda opatsirana oyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka variola. Variola amachokera ku liwu lachilatini varius, kutanthauza kuti lodetsedwa kapena kuchokera ku varus, kutanthauza chizindikiro pakhungu [3] .
Vayirasi ya variola ili ndi DNA yomwe imasokonekera kawiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ili ndi zingwe ziwiri za DNA zopindika limodzi ndi kutalika kwa 190 kbp [4] . Ma poxviruses amatengera cytoplasm yamaselo okhala m'malo mwa ma cell a omwe amapezeka.
Pafupifupi, anthu atatu mwa khumi omwe adalandira nthomba adafa ndipo omwe adapulumuka adatsala ndi zipsera.
Ofufuza ambiri amaganiza kuti zaka 6000 - 10,000 zapitazo kuweta ziweto, chitukuko chaulimi wapamtunda komanso chitukuko cha malo okhala anthu ambiri zadzetsa mikhalidwe yomwe idadzetsa nthomba [5] .
Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Clinical Infectious Diseases, kachilombo ka variola mwina kakhoza kutumizidwa kwa anthu kudzera mwa mitundu yamoyo kuchokera kwa wolandirayo yemwe adatha [6] .
Mitundu Ya Nthomba [7]
Matenda a nthomba ndi amitundu iwiri:
• Variola wamkulu - Ndi nthomba yoopsa komanso yofala kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi anthu ofera 30%. Amayambitsa kutentha thupi ndi zotupa zazikulu. Kawirikawiri (mawonekedwe ofala kwambiri), osinthidwa (mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndipo amapezeka mwa anthu omwe adalandira katemera kale), lathyathyathya komanso lotupa magazi ndi mitundu inayi yamitundu yayikulu ya variola. Lathyathyathya ndi kukha mwazi ndi mitundu yachilendo ya nthomba yomwe nthawi zambiri imapha. Nthawi yosakanikirana ndi nthomba yotulutsa magazi ndiyofupikitsa kwambiri ndipo koyambirira, ndizovuta kuzipeza ngati nthomba.
• Variola ochepa - Variola ang'ono amadziwika kuti alastrim ndi mtundu wocheperako wa nthomba yomwe imapha pafupifupi 1% kapena kuchepa. Zimayambitsa zizindikilo zochepa monga zotupa zochepa komanso zipsera.
Kodi Nthomba Ifalikira Motani?
Matendawa amafalikira munthu wodwala nthomba akatsokomola kapena amayetsemula ndipo madontho opuma amatuluka mkamwa kapena m'mphuno ndi kupumira munthu wina wathanzi.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapuma ndipo kenako timapitirira ndikupatsira maselo omwe amaphimba pakamwa, pakhosi ndi njira yopumira. Madzi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena zinthu zowononga monga zofunda kapena zovala zimatha kufalitsanso nthomba [8] .
Zizindikiro Za Nthomba
Mukakhala ndi kachilomboka, nthawi yosakaniza imakhala pakati pa masiku 7-19 (pafupifupi masiku 10-14) Nthawi imeneyi, kachilomboka kamawonjezeka mthupi, koma munthu samatha kuwonetsa zizindikilo zambiri ndipo amatha kuwoneka bwino . Dr Sneha akuti, 'Ngakhale munthuyo alibe chizindikiro, atha kukhala ndi malungo ochepa kapena zotupa zochepa zomwe sizingawonekere kwambiri'.
Pakangopita nthawi yokwanira, zizindikiro zoyambirira zimayamba kuwonekera, zomwe zikuphatikizapo izi:
• Kutentha thupi kwambiri
• Kusanza
• Mutu
• Kupweteka kwa thupi
• Kutopa kwambiri
• Kupweteka kwambiri kumbuyo
Pambuyo pazizindikiro zoyambazi, totupa timayamba ngati timadontho tating'onoting'ono pakamwa ndi lilime lomwe limatha pafupifupi masiku anayi.
Mawanga ofiira ofiirawa amasanduka zilonda ndipo amafalikira mkamwa ndi mmero kenako m'zigawo zonse za thupi pasanathe maola 24. Gawo ili limatenga masiku anayi. Dr Sneha akuti, 'Kugawa minyewa ndi nthomba: imawonekera koyamba kumaso, manja ndi mikono kenako imafalikira kuthupi ndi kumapeto (mawonekedwe motsatizana). Izi ndizofunikira pakusiyanitsa nthomba ndi matenda a varicella '.
Patsiku lachinayi, zilondazo zimadzaza ndimadzimadzi ochuluka mpaka zithunzizo zitaphulika paziphuphu zomwe zimatenga masiku khumi. Pambuyo pake nkhanambo zimayamba kugwa, kusiya zipsera pakhungu. Gawo ili limatenga pafupifupi masiku asanu ndi limodzi.
Nkhanambo zonse zikagwa, munthuyo samayambukiranso.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nthomba ndi nkhuku?
Dr Sneha akuti, 'Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayamba kuwoneka pankhope kenako timasunthira mthupi kenako pamapeto pake miyendo yakumunsi pomwe m'chifuwa chotupa chimayamba kuwonekera pachifuwa ndi pamimba kaye kenako chimafalikira kumadera ena (kawirikawiri mitengo ya kanjedza ndi pansi). Nthawi yotsalira pakati pa kutentha thupi ndi kuthamanga imatha kusiyanasiyana nthawi zina '.
Kuzindikira Kwa Nthomba
Kuti muwone ngati zotupa ndi nthomba, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya 'Kufufuza Odwala a Nthomba: Acute, Generalized Vesicular kapena Pustular Rash Illness Protocol' yomwe ndi njira yodziwika pofufuza odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a totupa ndi kupereka zithandizo zakuchipatala zosiyanitsa nthomba ndi matenda ena amanjenje [9] .
Dokotala amamuyesa wodwalayo ndikufunsa za mbiri yawo yaposachedwa yapaulendo, mbiri yazachipatala, kulumikizana ndi nyama zodwala kapena zosowa, zizindikilo zomwe zidayamba ziphuphu zisanachitike, kulumikizana ndi anthu aliwonse odwala, mbiri ya varicella kapena herpes zoster komanso mbiriyakale Katemera wa varicella.
Njira zodziwira matenda a nthomba ndi izi:
• Kukhala ndi malungo opitirira 101 ° F ndikukhala ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zomwe ndi kuzizira, kusanza, kupweteka mutu, kupweteka kwa msana, kupweteka kwambiri m'mimba ndi kugwada.
• Zilonda zomwe zimapezeka mbali iliyonse ya thupi ngati nkhope ndi mikono.
• Zilonda zolimba kapena zolimba komanso zozungulira.
• Zilonda zoyambirira zomwe zimatulukira mkamwa, nkhope ndi mikono.
• Zilonda zamikhatho ndi mapazi.
Kupewa ndi Kuchiza Nthomba
Nthomba ilibe mankhwala, koma katemera wa nthomba angateteze munthu ku nthomba pafupifupi zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu, pambuyo pake chitetezo chake chimachepa. Katemera wothandizira amafunika kuti muteteze kwa nthomba kwa nthawi yayitali, malinga ndi CDC [10] .
Katemera wa nthomba amapangidwa kuchokera ku katemera wa katemera, poxvirus wofanana ndi nthomba. Katemerayu ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa katemera, osati kachilombo kapenanso kofooka.
Katemera wa nthomba amaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito singano ya bifurcated yomwe imayikidwa mu njira yotemera. Ikachotsedwa, singano imagwira dontho la katemerayo ndikulasa pakhungu kasanu ndi kamodzi m'masekondi ochepa. Katemerayu amaperekedwa kumtunda ndipo ngati katemerayu wachita bwino, pamakhala zilonda zofiira ndi zoyabwa m'dera la katemera m'masiku atatu kapena anayi.
Mkati mwa sabata yoyamba, chilondacho chimakhala chotupa chodzaza mafinya ndikutuluka. Mkati mwa sabata lachiwiri, zilondazi zimauma ndipo zimayamba kupanga zipsera. Mkati mwa sabata lachitatu, nkhanambo zimagwa ndikusiya chilonda pakhungu.
Katemerayu aperekedwe munthu asanatenge kachilomboko ndipo pasanathe masiku atatu kapena asanu ndi awiri atadwala. Katemerayu sateteza munthu kamodzi kokha ngati nthomba za nthomba zayamba kuoneka pakhungu.
Mu 1944, katemera wa nthomba wotchedwa dryvax anali ndi chilolezo ndipo adapangidwa mpaka mkatikati mwa 1980 pomwe WHO idalengeza kuthana ndi nthomba [khumi ndi chimodzi] .
Malinga ndi U.S. Food and Drug Administration, pakadali pano pali katemera wa nthomba wotchedwa ACAM2000, yemwe adapatsidwa chilolezo pa 31 August 2007. Katemerayu amadziwika kuti amapangitsa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda a nthomba kukhala otetezeka. Komabe, zimayambitsa zovuta zina monga mavuto amtima monga myocarditis ndi pericarditis [12] .
Pa 2 Meyi 2005, CBER idapatsa chilolezo cha Vaccinia Immune Globulin, Intravenous (VIGIV), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zovuta zazikulu za katemera wa nthomba.
Katemera wa nthomba ali ndi zovuta zochepa. Zotsatira zoyipa zimaphatikizapo kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa minofu, kutopa, kupweteka mutu, nseru, zotupa, zilonda, zotupa za satelayiti ndi dera la lymphadenopathy.
Mu 1960s, zotsatira zoyipa za katemera wa nthomba zidanenedwa ku United States, ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo katemera wopitilira (katemera 1.5 miliyoni), katemera wa eczema (katemera 39 miliyoni), katemera wa postvaccinial encephalitis (12 miliyoni), katemera wambiri (katemera 241 miliyoni ) ngakhale imfa (katemera 1 miliyoni) [13] .
Ndani Ayenera Kalandira Katemera?
• Wogwira ntchito ku labu yemwe amayambitsa kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba kapena ma virus ena ofanana nawo ayenera kulandira katemera (izi sizingachitike chifukwa cha nthomba).
• Munthu amene watenga kachilombo ka nthomba kudzera pamasom'pamaso ndi munthu amene ali ndi nthomba ayenera kulandira katemera (izi ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi nthomba) [14] .
Ndani sayenera kulandira katemera?
Malinga ndi WHO, anthu omwe ali ndi khungu, makamaka chikanga kapena atopic dermatitis, anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chofooka, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso anthu omwe akulandila khansa sayenera kulandira katemera wa nthomba pokhapokha atapezeka ndi matendawa. Izi ndichifukwa chowonjezeka pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi zotsatirapo.
Amayi oyembekezera sayenera kulandira katemera chifukwa angavulaze mwana wosabadwayo. Amayi oyamwitsa ndi ana ochepera miyezi 12 sayenera kulandira katemera wa nthomba [khumi ndi zisanu] .
Zomwe Muyenera Kuchita Mukalandira Katemera?
• Malo olandira katemera ayenera kukutidwa ndi cheya chopangidwa ndi tepi yothandizira. Onetsetsani kuti pali mpweya woyenera komanso kuti madzi asalowe.
• Valani malaya amanja athunthu okutira bandejiyo.
• Sungani malo owuma ndipo musalole kuti anyowe. Ikanyowa, musinthe nthawi yomweyo.
• Phimbani ndi bandeji yopanda madzi mukasamba ndipo musagawane matawulo.
• Sinthani bandeji masiku atatu aliwonse.
• Sambani m'manja mukangokhudza malo olandira katemera.
• Musakhudze malowo ndipo musalole kuti ena awagwire kapena zinthu monga thaulo, mabandeji, masheya ndi zovala zomwe zakhudza malo olandira katemerayo.
• Tsukani zovala zanu m'madzi otentha ndi sopo kapena thonje.
• Mabandeji omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ayenera kuponyedwa m'matumba apulasitiki kenako ndikuwaponyera mufumbi.
• Mu thumba la pulasitiki, ikani zitsamba zonse zomwe zagwa kenako ndikuzitaya [16] .
Kodi Nthomba Ankayendetsa Motani Kalekale?
Kusiyanasiyana, kotchedwa kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba inali imodzi mwa njira zoyambirira zoletsa kufalikira kwa matenda a nthomba. Kusiyanasiyana inali njira yotetezera munthu yemwe analibe nthomba pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera ku zilonda za nthomba za wodwala yemwe ali ndi kachilombo. Ankazichita pomakanda zinthuzo m'manja kapena kuziuzira m'mphuno ndipo anthu adayamba kukhala ndi malungo komanso zotupa.
Akuyerekeza kuti pakati pa 1% mpaka 2% ya anthu omwe adasiyanasiyana adamwalira poyerekeza ndi 30% ya anthu omwe adamwalira atadwala nthomba. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana kunali ndi zoopsa zambiri, wodwalayo amatha kufa kapena wina akhoza kutenga matendawa kuchokera kwa wodwalayo.
Kuchuluka kwakufa kosiyanasiyana kunali kotsika kakhumi poyerekeza ndi nthomba yachilengedwe [17] .
Ma FAQ Omwe Amakonda
Q. Kodi nthomba idakalipo?
KU. Pakadali pano, palibe malipoti akuti nthomba yatuluka kulikonse padziko lapansi. Komabe, kachilombo kakang'ono ka nthomba akadalipo m'ma laboratories awiri ofufuza ku Russia ndi USA.
Q. Chifukwa chiyani nthomba inali yoopsa kwambiri?
KU . Imeneyi inali yakupha chifukwa inali nthenda yochokera mlengalenga yomwe imakonda kufalikira mwachangu kuchokera kwa munthu wodwalayo kupita kwa wina.
Q. Ndi angati anafa ndi nthomba?
KU . Akuti anthu 300 miliyoni anamwalira ndi nthomba m'zaka za zana la 20.
Q. Kodi nthomba idzabwereranso?
KU . Ayi, koma maboma amakhulupirira kuti kachilombo ka nthomba kakupezeka m'malo ena kupatula ma laboratories omwe atha kutulutsidwa mwadala kuti avulaze.
Q. Kodi satetezedwa ndi nthomba?
KU. Anthu omwe ali ndi katemera sakhala ndi nthomba.
Q. Ndani adapeza mankhwala a nthomba?
KU . Mu 1796, a Edward Jenner adayesa sayansi kuti athetse nthomba pogwiritsa ntchito katemera mwadala.
Q. Kodi mliri wa nthomba unakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
KU . Malinga ndi WHO, nthomba yakhalapo kwa zaka zosachepera 3,000.
Sneha KrishnanMankhwala OnseMBBS Dziwani zambiri
